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Children Television Workshop

Sesame Street is celebrate its 40th anniversary, American educational children's television series and a pioneer of the contemporary educational television standard, combining both education and entertainment. Sesame Street is well known for its Muppets characters created by Jim Henson. It premiered on November 10, 1969, and is the longest running children's program on US television.
The show is produced in the United States by the non-profit organization Sesame Workshop, formerly known as the Children's Television Workshop (CTW), founded by Joan Ganz Cooney and Ralph Rogers.
Beginnings
Up until the late 1960s, the use of television as an educational tool in the US was "unproven" and "a revolutionary concept". In 1966, the Carnegie Institute hired Joan Ganz Cooney to study how the media could be used to help young children, especially those from low-income families, learn and prepare for school. Cooney proposed using television's "most engaging traits” including high production values, sophisticated writing, and quality film and animation, to reach the largest audience possible. Cooney suggested creating a program that would spread pro learning values to both viewers and nonviewers (including their parents) that would affect them for many years after they stopped watching it.
Educational goals
As author Malcolm Gladwell has stated, "Sesame Street was built around a single, breakthrough insight: that if you can hold the attention of children, you can educate them".[15] Sesame Street was the first children's show that structured each episode and made "small but critical adjustments" to each segment to capture children's attention long enough to teach them something.
Sesame Street uses a combination of animation, puppets, and live actors to stimulate young children's minds, improve their letter and word recognition, basic arithmetic, geometric forms, classification, simple problem solving, and socialization by showing children or people in their everyday lives. Since the show's inception, other instructional goals have been basic life skills, such as how to cross the street safely, proper hygiene, healthy eating habits, and social skills; in addition, real-world situations are taught, such as death, divorce, pregnancy and birth, adoption, and even all of the human emotions such as happiness, love, anger, and hatred. Also, recently, the Sesame Street Muppets discussed the late-2000s recession with their most recent prime-time special Families Stand Together: Feeling Secure in Tough Times.
Coordinating "the clever use of Muppets and animation" with educational curriculum required what the CTW researchers called "careful thought"and influenced the show's structure. For example, they had to decide how to distribute the letters of the alphabet throughout each 130-episode season.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

How Good Is Your Problem Solving?
Good problem solving skills are fundamentally important if you're going to be successful in your career. But problems are something that we don't particularly like. They're time-consuming. They muscle their way into already packed schedules. They force us to think about an uncertain future. And they never seem to go away!

That's why, when faced with problems, most of us try to eliminate them as quickly as possible. But have you ever chosen the easiest or most obvious solution – and then realized that you have entirely missed a much better solution? Or have you found yourself fixing just the symptoms of a problem, only for the situation to get much worse?

To be an effective problem-solver, you need to be systematic and logical in your approach. This quiz helps you assess your current approach to problem solving. By improving this, you'll make better overall decisions. And as you increase your confidence with solving problems, you'll be less likely to rush to the first solution - which may not necessarily be the best one.

Once you've completed the quiz, we'll direct you to tools and resources that can help you make the most of your problem-solving skills. YOU want to more details please click it :http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_72.htm

koh-i-noor is where

Koh-i-noor, a Mountain of Light



The anniversary of Koh-i-noor reaching the shores of England draws near again. A brilliant diamond, the 'Koh-i-noor’s trail is littered by misery, unhappiness and war.

BY HARPREET KAUR

There was a period when Indian diamonds were very famous the world over. These included the Koh-i-noor, Orlov, the Great Moghul, Darya-i-noor, Indore pears, Shah and Arcots. These were all part of the treasure houses of the great emperors of India. Today, they are all in the hands of outsiders.

The legendary Koh-i-noor has been in the eye of the storm ever since it left the hands of its original owners - a diamond which was never bought or sold, but changed many hands. Koh-i-noor has left a trail that speaks of greed, power, murder, mayhem and unhappiness.

According to all references, Koh-i-noor was never that great to look at in its early days. It was just another diamond that was dull, non-sparkling and a little yellow in appearance.

Many legends say that the Koh-i-noor was mined in India, and at least 4,000 years old. It received a mention in the 1300s, when it was named in the Baburnama. One account states that Babur got his hands on the diamond in Gujarat; another says he got it in the Deccan. But when Babur came to Agra in May 1526, the ruler Vikramaditya most likely gave him the great diamond. There is also evidence that his son Humayun carried a large diamond that his father had handed back to him at Agra and was known as Babur’s diamond for the next 200 years.

There are still so many unresolved questions surrounding the precious stone. Many believe that the Koh-i-noor was also the Great Mogul and that Babur's diamond was separate; others say the Koh-i-noor and Babur’s diamond were one and same, while the rest identified it with both Babur's diamond and the Great Mogul. Information gathered over the years shows that in fact, three diamonds existed: - the Great Mogul – was the Orlov, weighing 189.62 metric carats, in Kremlin; and Babur's diamond – was the Darya-i-noor, weight 175 gm and 195 metric carats, the Iranian Crown Jewels; and the Koh-i-noor re-cut, Crown Jewels, England.

When the peacock throne was handed over to Nadir Shah, the hiding place of this diamond was given away. A member of Mohammad Shah’s harem gave away the hiding place of Koh-i-noor. It is said that the Shah kept it hidden in his turban. So, Nadir Shah devised a plan - he ordered a grand feast to coincide with the restoration of Mohammed Shah to his throne. During the feast Nadir Shah suddenly proposed an exchange of turbans, a sign of brotherly ties and eternal friendship. Mohammed Shah was hardly likely to resist. After the exchange, Nadir Shah entered his private apartment only at night, where he unfolded the turban and found the diamond concealed within. When he set his eyes on it, he exclaimed "Koh-i-noor", meaning "Mountain of Light".

The next sixty years of its history are the most violent and bloodstained. The final owner was Maharaja Duleep Singh, son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, in the backdrop of the two Sikh Wars leading to the annexation of the Punjab by the British. The hoisting of British flag was on March 29th, 1849 Lahore where Punjab was formally proclaimed a part of the British Empire in India. One of the terms of the Treaty of Lahore was:- "The gem called the Koh-i-noor which was taken from Shah Shuja-ul-Mulk by Maharajah Ranjit Singh shall be surrendered by the Maharajah of Lahore to the Queen of England."

Dr Sir John Login was entrusted with two charges: to take the Koh-i-noor out of the Toshakhana (the jewel house), and also the guardsmanship of the young Duleep Singh. It was formally handed over to the Punjab government of Sir Henry Lawrence (1806-1857), his younger brother John Lawrence (afterwards Lord Lawrence, the man who in February of 1859 would break ground on the future Lahore railroad station), and C.C. Mausel.

The Koh-i-noor sailed from Bombay in H.M.S. Medea. It was put in an iron box and kept in a dispatch box and deposited in the Government Treasury. For security reasons, this piece of news was suppressed, even among officers of the Treasury - and withheld from Commander Lockyer, the ship's captain. HMS Medea's voyage turned out to be a perilous one - cholera broke out on board in Mauritius and the local people demanded its departure. They asked their governor to open fire and destroy the vessel if it did not respond. After leaving Mauritius, a severe gale hit the vessel that lasted for about twelve hours. They reached Plymouth, England, where the passengers and the mail were unloaded, but not the Koh-i-noor, which was forwarded to Portsmouth.

From there, the two officers took the diamond to the East India House, handing it over to the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the company.

The stone
Prince Albert (Prince Consort) and Sebastian Garrard stated that the Koh-i-noor was badly cut, it is rose-not-brilliant-cut. It was decided to seek the advice of practical and experienced diamond cutters. A small steam engine was set up at Garrard's shop, while two gentlemen, Messrs Coster, Mr. Voorzanger and Mr. Fedder, travelled to London to undertake the re-cutting of the diamond. The Koh-i-noor was embedded in lead, two weeks later, after examining the stone. Mitchell thought that it had lost nearly all its yellow colour and become much whiter. The re-cutting took 38 days and cost £8000 ($40,000). The final result was an oval brilliant diamond weighing 108.93 metric carats, which meant a loss of weight of just under 43 per cent. Its was now in stellar brilliant-cut, possessing the regular 33 facets, including the table, while the pavilion has eight more facets than the regular 25 bringing the total number of facets to 66.

In 1853, it was mounted on a magnificent tiara for the Queen, which contained more than two thousand diamonds. Five years later, Queen Victoria ordered a new regal circlet for the diamond. In 1911, Garrards made a new crown that Queen Mary wore for the coronation - it contained diamonds, among them the Koh-i-noor. In 1937, this was transferred to the crown made for Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, based on Queen Victoria's regal circlet and is set in a Maltese Cross at the front of the crown.

The controversy
The 20th century saw a war of words over Koh-i-noor and its rightful ownership. In 1947, the government of India asked for the return of the diamond. Also, the Congress Ministry which ruled Orissa staked claim to the stone, saying it belonged to the Lord Jagannath. Ranjit Singh's treasurer mentioned that it was the property of their estate. Pakistan's claim to the diamond was disputed by India. Shortly thereafter, a major newspaper in Teheran stated that the gem should to be returned to Iran.

Sir Olaf has pointed out that the Koh-i-noor had been in Mogul possession in Delhi for 213 years, in Afghan possession in Kandahar and Kabul for 66 years and in British possession for 127 years. Historically, it maybe difficult to pass judgement on the validity of the various claims, but on the other hand, from a gemological aspect, as a paper report said, the Indian claim is the most valid because it was in that country that it was mined.

The legend
Legend goes that Sun God gave this gem to his disciple Satrajit, but his younger brother Persain snatched it from him. A lion in the forest killed Persain and Jamavant took this gem from the body of Persain and delivered it to Lord Krishna, who restored it to Satrajit. Later, this jewel again came back into the hands of Lord Krishna as dowry when Satrajit gave the hand of his daughter Satyabhama in marriage to him. Lord Krishna gave it back to the Sun God .The Koh-i-noor came into the hands of numerous rulers till it was possessed by Porus, the king of Punjab, who retained the diamond after a peace treaty in 325 BC when Alexander left India.

Chandragupta Maurya (325-297 B.C.) became the next possessor and passed it on to his grandson Ashoka who ruled from 273-233 B.C. Later it slipped into the hands of Raja Samprati of Ujjain (Ashoka’s grandson). This jewel remained in the custody of Ujjain and the Parmar dynasty of Malwa. When Ala-ud-din Khilji (1296-1316A.D.) defeated Rai Ladhar Deo, the ruler of Malwa in 1306 AD, he acquired the diamond. From this stage up to the time of Mughal Emperor Babur, the history of this precious stone is lost once more. Koh-i-noor comes to light again in year 1526.

Humayun is said to have given the stone to the Shah of Persia for giving him refuge after he lost to Sher Shah. From 1544 to 1547, the Koh-i-noor remained in the possession of Shah Tehmasp of Iran. The Shah sent the Koh-i-noor along with other precious gifts to Burhan Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar (Deccan) for the rulers of the Deccan - Ahmednagar, Golkunda and Bijapur regarded the King of Persia as their religious head. This stone remained in the possession of the Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmednagar and the Qutb Shah dynasty of Golkunda in the Deccan for a period of 109 years. How it came back to the Mughals is another gap in history.

After Aurangzeb, this diamond remained consigned into the coffers of the Mughal treasury from 1707 to 1739 A.D. Muhammad Shah Rangila (1719-1748) used to carry this wonder diamond with him in his turban. Nadir Shah got hold of Koh-i-noor when he ransacked Delhi in the 1700s and it went to his successors, landing in the hands of the Afghan ruler Shah Shuja who handed it to Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1813.

The Koh-i-Noor left the shores of India on April 6, 1850, and on reaching London on July 2, 1850, it was handed over to the Board of Directors of the East India Company. Sir J.W. Logg, the Deputy Chairman of the East India Company, presented it to Queen Victoria. The queen recorded in her journal: "The jewels are truly magnificent. They had also belonged to Ranjit Singh and had been found in the treasury of Lahore.... I am very happy that the British Crown will possess these jewels for I shall certainly make them Crown Jewels".

Many still await the many treasures which were “stolen” by the British Raj, and no one knows how long the wait will be. But today, if you happen to visit London, please make a stopover at Tower of London and look at the Crown Jewels for the Queen and the Koh-i-noor placed in her crown up front inside a Maltese cross.

BY HARPREET KAUR

AVATAR

James Cameron னின் இயக்கத்தில், Aliens , Terminator , True Lies , Titanic வரிசையில் மீண்டும் ஒரு பிரமாண்டமான திரைப்படம். 12 வருடங்களுக்குப் பிறகு நம்மை மீண்டும் தனது திறமையான இயக்கத்தால் மிரட்டியுள்ளார். போன முறை மனிதர்களுக்குள் ஏற்பட்ட காதலின் விளைவைக் கூறியவர் இந்தமுறை மனிதனுக்கும், வேற்று கிரகவாசிப் பெண்ணுக்கும் ஏற்படும் காதலால் நிகழும் விளைவுகளை காட்டுகிறார்.கனிம வளத்திற்காக 'பண்டோரா' எனப்படும் கிரகத்தில் சென்றிறங்கும் மனிதர்கள் அங்கே வாழும் 'நவி' என்றழைக்கப்படும் அந்த கிரகவாசிகளை விரட்ட நடவடிக்கை எடுக்கப்படுகிறது. நவிக்களை பற்றி நடக்கும் ஆராய்ச்சியில் பங்கேற்க வருகிறார் ஹீரோ Jake. இடுப்புக்குக் கீழே செயலிழந்துவிட்ட நிலையில் Jake ஒரு நவியின் உடலில் புகுத்தப்படுகிறார். அதன் மூலம் அவரால் நவிகளின் கூட்டத்தில் கலக்க முடிகிறது. உண்மை தெரியாமல் அதற்கு உதவுபவர், நவிகள் தலைவரின் மகள் Neytiri. இறுதியில் இவர்களுக்குள் காதல் உருவாக, அப்போது வருகிறது ஒரு பிரச்சனை. மனிதர் படைகளின் தலைவர் Colonal Miles நவிக்களின் இருப்பிடத்தை தாக்க, அவர்களைக் காப்பாற்ற முடியாத நிலையில் Jake தவிக்கிறார். பிறகு Miles, நவிகள் பற்றிய ஆராய்ச்சிக்கு தடை விதித்து நவிகளை அழிக்க முடிவிடுக்கிறார். இந்நிலையில் Jake எடுக்கும் முடிவு என்ன..? மனிதர்களுக்கும் நவிக்களுக்குமான யுத்தத்தில் வென்றது யார்..? அதுவரை மனிதனாகவும், நவியாகவும் வாழ்ந்த Jake இறுதில் என்னவாக ஆகிறார் என்பதை பிரமாண்டமாக, அதாவது மிக பிரமாண்டமாக 3D திரையில் நம் முன்னே காட்டுகிறார் இயக்குனர்.எங்கு சென்றாலும், அழிக்க மட்டுமே தெரிந்த மனிதர்களிடமிருந்து இயலாதவர்களை காக்கும் ஒரு மனிதனும், அவன் காதலும் தான் கதை என்றாலும், அதை நம் கண் முன்னே காட்டிய விதம் தான் மற்றவர்களுக்கும், James Cameron க்கும் உள்ள வித்தியாசம். ஒரு நொடி கூட பூமியைக் காட்டாமல் 'பண்டோரா' கிரகத்திலேயே ஆரம்பித்து, அங்கேயே முடிகிறது படம். படத்தின் ஒவ்வொரு பிரேமிலும் நம்மால் பார்க்கமுடிவது பிரமாண்டம் மட்டுமே. அதன் பின்னணியில் இருப்பது இயக்குனரின் சிந்தனையும், அதை தொழில்நுட்பத்தில் புகுத்திய விஷுவல் எபெக்ட் டீமும் மட்டுமே.நவிக்களின் உருவ அமைப்பு, மரங்களின் தன்மை, விலங்குகளின் அமைப்பு, வர்ண ஜாலங்கள், மனிதர்களின் விமானங்கள் என அனைத்திலும் இயக்குனரின் கற்பனை கட்டுக்கடங்காமல் சென்றுள்ளது.

விலங்குகள் மற்றும் மரங்களுடன் நவிக்கள் வைத்துக்கொள்ளும் நேரடித் தொடர்பு மிக வித்தியாசமான சிந்தனை. காணும் இடமெங்கும் இருளில் ஒளிரும் மரங்கள், செடி கொடிகள், அதைச்சுற்றி மிதக்கும் மலைகள், உயரமான அழகான அருவிகள். அனைத்துமே கண்களுக்கு குளிர்ச்சியான விருந்து. நமது பூமியும் ஒருகாலத்தில் இப்படித்தான் இருந்திருக்குமோ என்று வியக்கத்தோன்றுகிறது. அதுபோல் அந்த காட்டில் வசிக்கும் வித்தியாசமான மிருகங்கள், பூச்சிகள், டிராகன்கள் என அத்தனையும் வித்தியாசமான வடிவமைப்பு. குறிப்பாக டிராகன்களின் வர்ணக்கலவை, மிக அருமை. நொடிக்கொருமுறை மாறும் நவிக்களின் முக பாவனைகளை மிகச்சரியாக நிகழ்த்திக்காட்டிய விஷுவல் எபெக்ட் டீமுக்கு ஒரு பெரிய அப்ளாஸ்.கொடிய மிருகத்திடம் இருந்து Jake தப்பும் காட்சி, காட்டின் அழகு, டிராகனை அடக்கும் காட்சி, நவிக்களின் இருப்பிடம் அழிக்கப்படும் காட்சி, Jake டிராகனில் பறப்பது, மனிதர்களின் படைபலம், இறுதிப் போர் என அனைத்து இடங்களிலும் ஒளிப்பதிவு நம்மை மிரட்டுகிறது. இறுதி சண்டையில் நம்மையும் ஒரு நவியாகவே பாவித்து டிராகனில் பறக்க ஆரம்பித்துவிடுகிறோம் நம்மை அறியாமலே. இதுவே ஒளிப்பதிவாளருக்கு கிடைத்த வெற்றி. அதுபோல், பண்டோரா கிரகத்தின் அழகு, Jake மற்றும் Neytiri யின் காதல், நவிக்களின் எழுச்சி, வீழ்ச்சி, Miles மற்றும் படையினரின் அட்டகாசம் அனைத்தையும் தன் இசையால் உணர்த்துகிறார் இப்படத்தின் இசையமைப்பாளர் James Horner. நம் செவிகளை பதம் பார்க்காத இசைக்கோர்ப்பு.நடிப்பில் Jake Sully யாக வரும் Sam Worthington, Neytiri யாக வரும் Zoe Saldana, Miles ஆக வரும் Stephen Lang இவர்களுக்கு மட்டுமே அதிக வாய்ப்பு. தவறவிடவில்லை. டெக்னிக்கலாக இப்படத்தில் நிகழ்த்தப்பட்ட சாதனைகள் பற்றி எனக்கு அவ்வளவாக எழுத தெரியாவிட்டாலும், படம் பார்க்கும்போது உணர முடிந்தவற்றை மட்டுமே இங்கு சொல்லியிருக்கிறேன். மற்றபடி அதைப்பற்றி முழுமையாக தெரிந்துகொள்ள ஹாலிவுட்பாலா வின் பதிவிற்காக உங்களைப்போல் நானும் காத்திருக்கிறேன். கண்டிப்பாக படம் பாருங்கள், முடிந்தால் 3D யில்.AVATAR : நாம் கொடுத்த காசிற்கு இரண்டு மடங்கு அதிசயம் திரையில்.

Gideon Sundback Born 1880 - Died June 21 1954 Separable Fastener Patent No. 1,219,881 Inducted 2006 Swedish-born engineer Gideon Sundback improved on Whitcomb Judson’s work, making the zipper practical and commercially successful. Today, thousands of miles of zipper are manufactured daily.

Sundback increased the number of fastening elements from four to ten per inch, creating small teeth. He faced two rows of teeth opposite each other and added a slider to pull them together. Invention Impact The United States Army applied zippers to the clothing and gear of troops during World War I. By the late 1920s, zippers could be found in all kinds of clothing, footwear, and carrying cases. The industrialist B. F. Goodrich coined the onomatopoeic term “zipper” in 1923. Sundback also developed the manufacturing machine and process for the new zipper. The “S-L” machine took a special Y-shaped wire and cut scoops from it, punching dimples to create teeth. Within the first year of production, the Universal Fastener Company was manufacturing hundreds of feet of fastener per day. Inventor Bio Sundback was born in 1880 in Sweden and immigrated to Canada and eventually America. Sundback improved Whitcomb Judson’s 1851 patent for the Clasp Locker, working for Judson at his Universal Fastener Company in St. Catherine, Ontario. Sundback died in Meadville, Pennsylvania.

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